Iingubo zeNkokheli: Ukukhusela iMitha kwiZityalo zeNyukliya

Iingubo ezikhokelayoidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ukusasazeka kwemitha kwimizila yenyukliya. Ezi ngubo ngokufanelekileyoukufunxa kunye nokunciphisa imitha ye-gammakunye ne-neutron, ngenxa yoxinaniso oluphezulu lwelothe kunye nenani leatom. Oku kwenza ukukhokela iimathiriyeli efanelekileyokukhuseleko lwemitha. Ngokwenza umqobo phakathi kwemithombo yotshiso ngemitha kunye nabasebenzi, iingubo ezikhokelayo ziqinisekisa indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo. Ukuguquguquka kwabo kuvumela ukuba zenziwe ngaphakathiubukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye neemilo, ukulungiselela izicelo ezahlukeneyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwengubo yelothe kubalulekile ekugcineni imigangatho yokhuseleko, ukukhusela abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo ekuvezweni kwemitha okuyingozi.

IiPropathi zelothe zokuKhusela iRadiation

Ubuninzi kunye neNombolo yeAtomic

Ilothe igqame njengeyona nto iphambili yokukhusela iradiation ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezizodwa. Yaloukuxinana okuphezuluidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwayo. Iimathiriyeli ezixineneyo zinokufunxa kwaye ziyithobe imitha ngokufanelekileyo kunezo ezixinene kakhulu. Olu phawu luvumela ukhokelo ukuba lusebenze njengesithintelo esoyikekayo ngokuchasene nemitha ye-gamma kunye ne-neutron.

Ngaphezu koko, inani eliphezulu leathom yelothe liphucula amandla ayo okukhusela. Inani eliphezulu leathom lithetha iiprotons ezininzi kwinucleus, nto leyo eyandisa amathuba okusebenzisana nemitha yemitha engenayo. Olu nxibelelwano lunceda ekunciphiseni ubunzulu bemitha eyingozi, ukwenza ilothe ibeukhetho olufanelekileyo lokukhuselaiinjongo.

Ukuguquguquka kunye noKuhlala ixesha elide

Ukongeza kubuninzi bayo kunye nenombolo yeathom, ilothe inika ukuguquguquka kunye nokuqina, okubalulekileyo kwizicelo ezibonakalayo. Abavelisi banokubumba ilothe ngokwemilo eyahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu, beyivumela ukuba ilingane izithuba kunye neemfuno ezahlukeneyo kwizityalo zenyukliya. Oku kulungelelaniswa kuqinisekisa ukuba iingubo ezikhokelayo zinokugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo kunye neendawo, zibonelela ngokhuseleko olubanzi.

Ukomelela lolunye uncedo olubalulekileyo lwelothe. Imelana neemeko ezinzima ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa iimpawu zayo zokukhusela. Oku komelela kuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide, ukunciphisa imfuno yokutshintshwa rhoqo kunye nokugcinwa. Ngenxa yoko, ilothe ihleli isisisombululo esineendleko ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela ukusasazeka kwemitha kumaziko enyukliya.

Ukusetyenziswa kweengubo zeLead kwiZityalo zeNyukliya

Iindawo zokuSebenzisa

Iingubo zelothe zisebenza njengenxalenye ebalulekileyoiindawo ezahlukeneyongaphakathi kwezityalo zenyukliya. Zibonelela ngokuyimfunekoukhuselo lwemithakwiindawo apho ukuvezwa kwimitha ye-gamma kunye ne-neutron kuxhaphakile. Abasebenzi bahlala bedibana nezi meko ziyingozi ngexesha lolondolozo kunye nemisebenzi yokuhlola. Iingubo zelothe zikhusela ngokufanelekileyo abasebenzi kwimitha eyingozi, ziqinisekisa indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo.

Kwizixhobo zenyukliya, iingubo ezikhokelayo zifumana izicelo kwiindawo ezininzi eziphambili:

ULondolozo lweReactor: Ngexesha lolondolozo lwesiqhelo okanye ukulungiswa okungalindelekanga, iingubo zelothe zikhusela abasebenzi kwimitha ekhutshwa ngumbindi wereactor.
Ukuhlolwa kweRadiographic: Olu hlolo lufuna ukukhuselwa ukuze kuthintelwe ukuba sesichengeni ngemitha kumagcisa kunye nezixhobo ezingqongileyo.
Ukuphatha Material Radioactive: Iingubo zelothe zibonelela ngokhuseleko xa uphethe okanye uthutha imathiriyeli yeradioactive ngaphakathi kwiplanti.

Ukuguquguquka kweengubo zelothe kuvumela ukuba zisetyenziswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, njengamaphepha okanye amacwecwe, ukuze zihambelane neemfuno ezithile. Oku kuguquguquka kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko olubanzi kunye nokhuseleko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukufakela kunye nokusetyenziswa

Ufakelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweengubo zelothe kwizityalo zenyukliya kufuna ukucwangciswa ngononophelo kunye nokuphunyezwa. Ufakelo olululo luqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwi-radiation shielding. Abasebenzi kufuneka balandele izikhokelo ezithile zokubeka iingubo zelothe ngokuchanekileyo kumalungu kunye nezixhobo.

Ukulungiselela: Phambi kofakelo, vavanya indawo ukuze ubone ubungakanani obufunekayo kunye nokumila kweengubo ezikhokelayo. Eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuba iingubo zilingana ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zibonelela ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuma: Beka iingubo zelothe ngobuchule malunga nomthombo wokusasazeka kwemitha. Qinisekisa ukuba zonke iindawo ezinokuthi zibe sesichengeni zigutyungelwe ukunciphisa ukuvuza kwemitha.
Ukukhusela: Khusela iingubo kwindawo yazo usebenzisa iziqhoboshi ezifanelekileyo okanye izixhaso. Oku kuthintela ukunyakaza okanye ukufuduka ngexesha lokusebenza, ukugcina ukhuseleko oluhambelanayo.
Iitshekhi rhoqo: Yenza uhlolo rhoqo ukuqinisekisa imfezeko yeengubo ezikhokelayo. Khangela naziphi na iimpawu zokuguga okanye umonakalo onokubeka esichengeni ukusebenza kwazo.

Iingubo zokukhokela zinikezelaukuguquguquka kunye nokulula kokusetyenziswa, ibenza ibe lolona khetho lufanelekileyo lokukhusela ukusasazeka ngemitha kwizityalo zenyukliya. Ukukwazi kwabo ukubunjwa kubukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye neemilo kuvumela izisombululo ezilungiselelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile. Ngokulandela ufakelo olululo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweprothokholi, amaziko enyukliya anokugcina imigangatho yokhuseleko ephezulu kwaye akhusele abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo ekubeni sesichengeni ngemitha.

Iingenelo Zokusebenzisa Iingubo zelothe

Ukwandiswa koKhuseleko

Iingubo zelothe zomeleza kakhulu ukhuseleko kwizityalo zenyukliya. Zibonelela ngomqobo owomeleleyo ngokuchasene nemitha eyingozi, ekhusela abasebenzi ekuvezweni kwimitha ye-gamma kunye ne-neutron. Olu khuseleko lubalulekile ngexesha lemisetyenzana yokulondoloza nokuhlola, apho amanqanaba emitha anokuba phezulu. Ngokusebenzisa iingubo zelothe, izibonelelo zenyukliya ziqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bahlala bekhuselekile ngelixa besenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo.

Ukusebenza kwengubo yelothe ekukhuseleni ukusasazeka kwemitha kubangelwa kuxinaniso lwazo oluphezulu kunye nenani leathom. Ezi mpawu zibavumela ukuba bafunxe kwaye banciphise imitha ngokufanelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, abasebenzi banamava okuncitshiswa kokuvezwa ngemitha, ukunciphisa imingcipheko yempilo eyayanyaniswa nokuba sesichengeni ixesha elide kwimathiriyeli ye-radioactive.

Ubungqina beNgcali:

Iingcali zenzululwazi yezonyango, kuquka iingcali zenzululwazi zonyango kunye neengcali ngemitha, ziye zagqiba kwelokubaamakhaka elothe akusafunekikwiimeko ezithile zonyango.Olu tshintsho luqaqambisa ukuqonda okuguquguqukayo kokhuselo lwemitha. Nangona kunjalo, kwizityalo zenyukliya, imfuno yengubo yelothe ihlala ibalulekile ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu emitha ekhoyo.

Ubuchule kwiMisebenzi

Iingubo ezinelothe nazo zinegalelo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwizityalo zenyukliya. Ukuguquguquka kwazo kukuvumela ukuba zibunjwe kwiimilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu, zibenze bafanelekele izicelo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kulungelelaniswa kuqinisekisa ukuba iingubo ezikhokelayo zinokugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo kunye neendawo, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olubanzi ngaphandle kokuthintela imisebenzi.

Ngokunciphisa ukuvezwa kwemitha, iingubo zelothe zenza abasebenzi bakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ngokufanelekileyo. Abasebenzi banokugxila kwimisebenzi yabo ngaphandle kokuxhalaba rhoqo imingcipheko yemitha. Olu gxininiso lukhokelela kwimveliso ephuculweyo kunye nemisebenzi elungelelanisiweyo phakathi komzi-mveliso.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuqina kweengubo zelothe kuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ixesha elide, ukunciphisa imfuneko yokutshintshwa rhoqo. Obu bubude bobomi buguqulela ukongiwa kweendleko zezixhobo zenyukliya, njengoko zinokwaba izibonelelo kwezinye iindawo ezibalulekileyo. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kugcino luqinisekisa ukuba iingubo ezilothe zihlala zisebenza, zigcina imigangatho yokhuseleko ephezulu.

Iingqwalasela zoKhuseleko kunye noLondolozo

Ukuphatha kunye noGcino

Ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kweengubo zelothe kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwazo ekukhuseleni ukusasazeka kwemitha. Abasebenzi kufuneka balumke xa besebenza nezi zixhobo ngenxa yobunzima bazo kunye neengozi zempilo ezinokuthi zibe kho. Iingubo ezikhokelayo, ezaziwa ngokuxinana kwazo okuphezulu, zinokuba nzima kwaye zifuna ukulawulwa ngononophelo ukuthintela ukwenzakala.

Ukuphatha: Abasebenzi kufuneka basebenzise iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphakamisa ukulawula ubunzima beengubo zelothe. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zoomatshini, ezifana neehoist okanye iidoli, kunokunceda ekuthuthweni kwezi zinto zinzima ngokukhuselekileyo. Abasebenzi kufuneka banxibe izixhobo zokukhusela, kubandakanya iiglavu kunye nemaski, ukunciphisa ukunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nelothe.
Ugcino: Ukugcina iingubo zelothe ngokufanelekileyo kwandisa ubomi babo kwaye kugcina amandla abo okukhusela. Zigcine kwindawo eyomileyo nepholileyo ukuthintela ukubola okanye ukuthotywa. Kuphephe ukupakisha ngendlela enokubangela ukonakala okanye umonakalo. Zihlole rhoqo iindawo zokugcina naziphi na iimpawu zokufuma okanye ungcoliseko.

ULondolozo lwarhoqo

Ukugcinwa rhoqo kweengubo zelothe kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo okuqhubekayo ekuboneleleni ngokhuseleko lwemitha. Izibonelelo zenyukliya kufuneka ziphumeze ishedyuli yokuhlola yesiqhelo ukuchonga nakuphi na ukuguga okanye umonakalo onokubeka esichengeni iipropati ezikhuselayo.

Ukuhlolwa: Yenza uhlolo olubonakalayo ukujonga iinyembezi, ukuhlatywa, okanye ezinye iimpawu zokuguga. Nika ingqalelo kwi-seams kunye nemiphetho, njengoko ezi ndawo zinomonakalo ngakumbi. Sebenzisa izixhobo zokubona ukusasazeka kwemitha ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwengubo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba zibonelela ngokhuseleko olwaneleyo.
Ukulungisa kunye noTshintsho: Sombulula nayiphi na imiba echongiweyo ngokukhawuleza. Lungisa umonakalo omncinci usebenzisa izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nobuchule. Ngomonakalo omkhulu, buyisela iingubo ezichaphazelekayo ukugcina imigangatho yokhuseleko. Ukugcina irekhodi yemisebenzi yokulondoloza kunceda ukulandelela imeko yeengubo zelothe ekuhambeni kwexesha.

“Iingubo ezilothe ziyilelweukuguquguquka okuphezulu kunye nokhuseleko olufanelekileyo,”eqaqambisa ukubaluleka kwazo ekugcineni ukhuseleko ngexesha lokusebenza kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Ukugcinwa rhoqo kunye nokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba ezi zixhobo eziguquguqukayo ziyaqhubeka nokubonelela ngokhuseleko oluthembekileyo lwe-radiation.

Ngokubambelela kwezi ngqwalasela zokhuseleko kunye neendlela zokulondoloza, izixhobo zenyukliya zinokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweengubo zelothe. Le ndlela yokusebenza ikhusela abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo ekubeni sesichengeni ngemitha, inegalelo kwindawo ekhuselekileyo yokusebenza.

Iingubo zelothe zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ukusasazeka kwemitha kwizityalo zenyukliya. Yaboukuxinana okuphezulu kunye nenani le-athomuzenze zibe yimathiriyeli yokuya ekumiseni imitha ye-gamma kunye neeneutron. Eziizigqubuthelo zokhuselo ezinobunzimaqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngokukhusela abantu, izixhobo zokusebenza, kunye neendawo ezibangqongileyo ekuchaselweni yimitha.

Kwizixhobo zenyukliya, iingubo zelothe zinika aisisombululo esithembekileyo nesiguquguqukayo, ngakumbi ngexesha lemisebenzi yokulondoloza nokuhlola. Njengomgangatho woshishino wokhuseleko lwemitha, ukukhokela kuyaqhubeka ukuba yimfuneko. Ukujonga phambili, ukuqhubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yokhuselo lwemitha kunokuphucula ngakumbi ukhuseleko, kodwa ukusebenza kwelothe kuhlala kungangqinelani.